Die Ratihabitio Im Klassischen Römischen Recht
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Obgleich die Beschaftigung mit der ratihabitio, der Genehmigung, auf eine lange Tradition in der Rechtswissenschaft zuruckblickt, fehlte es bislang an einer neueren deutschsprachigen Untersuchung. Die vorliegende Schrift beleuchtet anhand von Quellenuntersuchungen ausgewahlte dogmatische Fragen zur ratihabitio im klassischen romischen Recht und zeichnet dabei den Gedankengang der klassischen Juristen von einem tatsachlichen Billigen bis hin zu einer rechtlichen Anerkennung einer fremden Handlung nach. Es zeigt sich, dass die Rechtsfigur der ratihabitio dem Rechtsinstitut der Genehmigung nach 184 Abs. 1 BGB nahesteht und ihr doch fremd ist. Von Bedeutung ist die ratihabitio vor allem bei Verfugungen Nichtberechtigter. Im Gegensatz zum geltenden Recht kann im romischen Recht auch etwa die Zahlung an einen Geschaftsfuhrer auf eine nicht bestehende Forderung genehmigt werden. Die Arbeit wurde ausgezeichnet mit dem Preis Hans Ankum der Stiftung Stichting Rechtshistorisch Fonds Mr Joseph Winkel.
New Perspectives on European Women's Legal History
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This book integrates women's history and legal studies within the broader context of modern European history in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Sixteen contributions from fourteen countries explore the ways in which the law contributes to the social construction of gender. They analyze questions of family law and international law and highlight the politics of gender in the legal professions in a variety of historical, social and national settings, including Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern and Central Europe. Focusing on different legal cultures, they show us the similarities and differences in the ways the law has shaped the contours of women and men's lives in powerful ways. They also show how women have used legal knowledge to struggle for their equal rights on the national and transnational level. The chapters address the interconnectedness of the history of feminism, legislative reforms, and women's citizenship, and build a foundation for a comparative vision of women's legal history in modern Europe.
Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy
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This highly acclaimed and popular academic text is now available in a new edition, having been revised and updated to cover the analyses of the use, abuse and ambiguity of many essential concepts used in political discourse and political studies. These include basic concepts such as liberty, democracy, rights, representation, authority and political power. New to this edition are three sections of great topical interest: entirely original analysis of global terrorism, which puts the recent developments of Islamic terrorism into perspective by comparing it with earlier examples of terrorist tactics by a variety of state agencies, revolutionary groups and minority nationalist movements extended discussion on multiculturalism, which supplements theoretical arguments with succinct summaries of the differing ways in which ethnic and cultural minorities have been dealt with in Canada, Britain, France and the Netherlands section on democratization that focuses on the problems, social and political and even theological, involved in turning authoritarian regimes into stable democracies in the Middle East and elsewhere. Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy is a stimulating guide to current world problems as well as essential reading for foundation courses at first or second year level such as elements of politics, political concepts and ideas and fundamentals in politics.
Das Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee (ACCC).
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Die umweltvolkerrechtliche Aarhus-Konvention von 1998 gibt der Zivilgesellschaft in Europa, im Kaukasus und in Zentralasien elementare Rechte in Umweltsachen. Die Einhaltung des Abkommens uberwacht seit 2004 ein unabhangiger Ausschuss, das Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee (ACCC). Den Erfolg des Gremiums pragt in entscheidender Weise, dass sich Umweltverbande und Privatpersonen bei Konventionsverletzungen mit Individualbeschwerden (communications) an das ACCC wenden konnen. So hat zuletzt die Umwelt-NGO ClientEarth vor dem ACCC erreichen konnen, dass die Europaische Union die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1367/2006 (Aarhus-Verordnung) in wesentlichen Teilen andern musste. Florian Zeitner beschreibt das einzigartig ausgestaltete Uberwachungsverfahren, in dessen Zentrum das ACCC steht, in umfassender Weise. Eine besondere Berucksichtigung erfahrt die Darstellung des von ClientEarth und anderen angestossenen Verfahrens, dessen Kontroversen als Fall 32 (Part II) bekannt geworden sind. Die ab dem 29.04.2023 vollstandig geltenden Anderungen der Aarhus-Verordnung werden umfanglich eingeordnet.
Der Geheimhaltungskonflikt Im Verwaltungsprozess
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Die Geheimhaltungsbedurftigkeit von Akten stellt das verwaltungsprozessuale Informationssystem vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Das Prozessrecht muss auf entstehende Geheimhaltungskonflikte reagieren und eine Interessengewichtung im Spannungsfeld von Rechtsschutzeffektivitat, Gehorsrecht und Geheimnisschutz vornehmen. Mariamo Katharina Ilal vergleicht verschiedene Losungsmodelle (Beweislast- und Verwertungsmodell) und zeichnet ihre Entwicklungslinien im Verwaltungsprozessrecht nach. Hierfur unternimmt sie insb. eine Rechtsprechungsanalyse anhand typischer Fallkonstellationen und beleuchtet so das Zusammenspiel und die Reibungsflachen zwischen gesetzgeberischer Modellwahl und gerichtlicher Modellanwendung. Das Vordringen des Verwertungsmodells im europaischen Rechtsraum gibt anschliessend Anlass zur Untersuchung unionsrechtlicher Impulse fur einen Modellwechsel im nationalen Verwaltungsprozessrecht.
Der Grundrechtsschutz Von Positiver und Negativer Freiheit
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Unter den Begriffen von positiver und negativer Freiheit wird der grundrechtliche Schutz von Tun und Unterlassen verstanden. Dieses Werk thematisiert unter anderem die Frage, ob der Grundrechtsschutz von positiver und negativer Freiheit eine allgemeine, von den Besonderheiten der speziellen Freiheitsrechte losgelöste Lehre ist. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Herleitung von positiver und negativer Freiheit aus dem Wortlaut der Grundrechte, ihrer historischen Entwicklung, aber auch aus dem grundrechtlichen Schutz der individuellen Selbststimmung untersucht. Zugleich werden die grundrechtstheoretischen Prämissen und -dogmatischen Dimensionen dieser Lehre analysiert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung des grundrechtlichen Handlungsschutzes durch diese Lehre untersucht. In diesem Rahmen wird die Funktionalität der Präzisierung des grundrechtlichen Handlungsschutzes durch diese Kategorien, insbesondere die Spiegelbildlichkeit von positiver und negativer Freiheit, untersucht.
Deus Ex Machina?
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Die Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung sind gross - bisweilen wirken sie unuberwindbar. In der antiken Tragodie erscheint in hoffnungslosen Situationen nicht selten der Deus ex machina, die mittels Buhnenmaschinerie einschwebende Gottheit, und wendet die Situation zum Guten. Ahnlich werden in der Digitalisierungsdebatte mitunter jeweils die Technik oder die Grundrechte beschworen. Zum einen soll die digitale Technik selbst das Potenzial in sich tragen, gesellschaftliche Probleme zu losen und Antworten auf die grossen Fragen unserer Zeit zu geben. Zum anderen wird der Deus in den Grundrechten gesehen, die als Forderung der Digitalisierung entgegengestellt werden. Das Verfassungsrecht hat den Anspruch, das Verhalten und Zusammenleben von Menschen zu ordnen und zu gestalten und seinen zukunftigen Entwicklungen Ziele vorzugeben. Die wichtigsten Ziele sind die in den Grundrechten verburgten Versprechen freier Entfaltung, gleicher Behandlung und demokratischer Teilhabe. Diese mussen auch unter den Bedingungen der Digitalisierung erfullt werden.
Die Autonomie der Unionsrechtsordnung
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The autonomy of European Union law is the basic premise of the European Court of Justice for maintaining the legal order against external influences. On this basis, the court proclaims the absolute primacy of Union law without establishing the origin of autonomy not explicitly mentioned in treaties.
Discricionaridade administrativa e controlo da administração pública
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Driving Without a Driver
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Driverless vehicles have received much public attention in recent years and made their way to the forefront of mobility research. While some early predictions on their feasibility have proven overly optimistic, useful applications are already emerging. The proceedings presented here examine the various legal approaches, based on differing assumptions about the technical possibilities as well as on diverging ethical and socio-economic conditions.
Einheit und Vielfalt Im Europäischen Datenschutzrecht
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Electoral Systems
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This text is designed to give students a comprehensive view of the British electoral system. Its innovative comparative and theoretical approach will provide a link between courses in British politics, comparative politics and political theory. The book looks at electoral systems in relation to democratic theory and examines the justification for modern electoral rules. It compares parliamentary elections with various other kinds of election, and it looks at the differences between British experience and that of other countries. Andrew Reeve and Alan Ware aim to inform the debate about whether our electoral system should be reformed, by raising such crucial issues as the connection between democracy and the electoral process, the significance of the territorial dimension in the British electoral system, and the role the election system plays in allocating values in a society.
20 Jahre Neues Schuldrecht
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Wozu ein Buch uber die Schuldrechtsreform? Die Reform ist gelaufen, das Schuldrecht lauft weiter. Naturlich lasst sich damit leben. Wozu der Blick zuruck? Das rein dogmatische Interesse an Bestand und Wurdigung der Reform ist gering. Aktuell sind nicht nur die praktischen Bedurfnisse, sondern auch der juristische Argumentationsbedarf. Hier werden die forensischen Schlachten geschlagen und die finanziellen Gewinne gemacht. Wissenschaftliche Vertiefung stort eigentlich. Das ist alles vollig berechtigt. Aber es ist hochstens die halbe Jurisprudenz. Man kann sich mit dieser Halfte begnugen, aber bisweilen braucht man die andere Halfte, die Reflexion und die Rechtswissenschaft. Dann will man plotzlich wissen, wie es "eigentlich" war, kurz: Man will das Gesetz verstehen, nicht nur aktuell erfolgreich anwenden. Vier Studien stellen sich der Aufgabe, dieses immer etwas dunkle rechtszeitgeschichtliche Dickicht zu lichten und ein wissenschaftsgestutztes Verstandnis des neuen Schuldrechts zu begrunden.
Absolute Herrschaftsrechte
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Maximilian Becker entwickelt ein Modell, das die Struktur und Funktionsweise absoluter Herrschaftsrechte wie etwa das Sacheigentum, Urheber-, Patent- oder Markenrecht und auch Personlichkeitsrechte erklart. Ausgehend von der Lehre des subjektiven Rechts, des Rechtsgegenstandes sowie der Rechts- und Verfugungsobjekte integriert er die Problematik von Rechten an Informationen grundlegend in den Aufbau der bekannten Herrschaftsrechte. Ein weiterer zentraler Baustein absoluter Herrschaftsrechte ist die Verfugungsmacht, die unter anderem massgeblich fur die Unterscheidung von "Kontrollherrschaft" und "Dispositionsherrschaft" ist. Die haufig uneinheitlich genutzten Begriffe der Absolutheit und Dinglichkeit von Rechten werden anhand ihrer einzelnen Merkmale analysiert und verdichtet. Dies dient zugleich dem Anschluss der Immaterialguterrechte an die Dogmatik des Sachenrechts. Schliesslich stellt der Autor eine Verbindung dieser Erkenntnisse zur Struktur von Lizenzen her. Dabei sorgen zahlreiche Beispiele fur eine standige Ruckbindung an praktische Fragen.
Artificial Intelligence and Legal Issues
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Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit und dem rechtlichen Status von Einheiten mit kunstlicher Intelligenz. Die rasante Entwicklung der auf KI basierenden Technologien in den letzten Jahren hat es erforderlich gemacht, die rechtlichen Probleme klarzustellen, die in diesem Zusammenhang auftreten konnten. Neben der Darstellung und Diskussion der Ziele und der notwendigen Eignungen der Rechtspersonlichkeit von der Vergangenheit bis zur Gegenwart liegt der inhaltliche Schwerpunkt der Studie auf der rechtlichen Analyse der Bestimmung des Rechtsstatus zukunftiger kunstlicher Intelligenzsysteme. Anschliessend befasst sich der Autor mit den Fragen, welche Strafarten und Strafzwecke in der Zukunft eine Rolle spielen und wie die strafrechtliche Verantwortung heutiger und kunftiger Generationen von fortgeschrittenen KI-Systemen aussehen konnte.
Countering Economic Crime
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Economic crime is a significant feature of the UK's economic landscape and yet despite the government's bold mission statements 'to hold those suspected of financial wrongdoing to account' as part of their 'day of reckoning' and 'serious about white-collar crime' agenda, there is a sense that this is still not being done effectively. This book examines the history of the creation of the UK's anti-economic crime institutions and accompanying legislation, providing a critique of their effectiveness. The book analyses whether the recent regulatory regime is fit for purpose as well as being appropriate for the future. In order to explore how the UK's economic crime strategies could be improved the book takes a comparative approach analysing policy and legislative responses to economic crime in the United States and Australia in order to determine whether the UK could or should import similar structures or laws to improve the enforcement of UK economic crime.
Criminology and Criminal Justice
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A broad and comprehensive guide to the study of criminology and criminal justice at undergraduate level, this book is essential reading for new students. Assuming no prior knowledge, it offers an essential overview to key themes and issues, brings together theory with practice, and provides useful hints and suggestions for developing the skills required to see you on your way throughout your degree. Features of the book include: A detailed discussion of the study of criminology and criminal justice in Higher Education, An overview of theories of crime and deviance, A discussion as to why and how we punish offenders, An exploration of the criminal justice system in England and Wales, A guide to criminological research and the methods and concepts involved, Examples of original sources in criminology, including key websites, Tips and advice on skills in criminology and criminal justice, including referencing and the presentation of written work, A full glossary of key terms. The new edition has been fully revised and updated and includes a new chapter on theories and explanations of punishment. Each chapter includes a series of 'Taking It Further' exercises to encourage well-developed essays and critical thinking. They culminate in a final chapter offering guidelines as to how these exercises might be answered. This book is indispensable for the criminology undergraduate and a benchmark for academic success.
Cybercrime in Progress
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The emergence of the World Wide Web, smartphones, and computers has transformed the world and enabled individuals to engage in crimes in a multitude of new ways. Criminological scholarship on these issues has increased dramatically over the last decade, as have studies on ways to prevent and police these offenses. This book is one of the first texts to provide a comprehensive review of research regarding cybercrime, policing and enforcing these offenses, and the prevention of various offenses as global change and technology adoption increases the risk of victimization around the world. Drawing on a wide range of literature, Holt and Bossler offer an extensive synthesis of numerous contemporary topics such as theories used to account for cybercrime, policing in domestic and transnational contexts, cybercrime victimization and issues in cybercrime prevention. The findings provide a roadmap for future research in cybercrime, policing, and technology, and discuss key controversies in the existing research literature in a way that is otherwise absent from textbooks and general cybercrime readers. This book is an invaluable resource for academics, practitioners, and students interested in understanding the state of the art in social science research. It will be of particular interest to scholars and students interested in cybercrime, cyber-deviance, victimization, policing, criminological theory, and technology in general.
Decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) in various jurisdictions : from old rules to innovative approaches
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Decentralised autonomous organisations (or DAOs for short) – as well as similarly decentralised arrangements based on the blockchain – present unprecedented legal challenges and have the potential to be the transformative event for corporate law in the 21st century, putting into question tenets we have had for granted and forcing corporate lawyers to rethink what they hold as immutable and to adapt many corporate law rules to this new reality. At the Lisbon DAO Observatory, a research project set up within the Lisbon Centre for Research in Private Law (CIDP – Centro de Investigação de Direito Privado) of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, we are seeking to find answers for these deeply enthralling and exciting challenges. In our path to such answers, we have held, on the 25th of May 2022, the 2nd Lisbon DAO Legal Structure Workshop – where we hosted legal scholars and practitioners explaining: (i) how most DAOs would be qualified under major European jurisdictions (Portugal, Germany, France and the UK); and (ii) how they are already being dealt with in more forward-looking jurisdictions, such as Malta, Wyoming and the Marshall Islands, with the latter three jurisdictions having explicitly recognised DAOs in their corporate law. Following the great success of this event, we are happy to be able to publish this e-book, which contains seven enlightening texts written by the speakers of the event, which will let the reader know how DAOs would be dealt with in a wide array of jurisdictions
Femicide and the Law
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This book explores femicide, and scrutinizes the three key American criminal doctrines usually applied in its cases: provocation; the felony murder rule; self-defence. The book also explores the influence of the American Model Penal Code, and proposes, connected to the various criminal doctrines applicable to femicide, a focused and detailed amendment to the Code containing unique features and a formula providing a socio-legal response to issues that the author believes have not yet been adequately addressed. Though primarily focused on femicide in America, the issues discussed are of global relevance due to the tragically widespread nature of femicide, and the book also makes significant contributions to the legal discourse of many other countries with similar legal structures.
Homicide, Gender and Responsibility
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The crime of homicide has long animated academic debate, community concern and political attention. The discussion has often centered on the perceived (in)adequacy of legal responses to homicide, questions of culpability, and divergent representations of victims and offenders. Within this, notions of gender, responsibility and justice are pivotal. This edited collection builds on existing scholarship by examining these concerns not only in the context of the 'private' world of domestic murder but also in the more 'public' world of the state, the corporation, war, and genocide. In so doing this book draws from key frameworks of criminological thought, legal analysis and empirical evidence to critically examine the relationship between homicide, gender and responsibility. Bringing together leading international criminology and legal scholars, this collection provides a unique contribution to the academic and policy engagement with what is, more often than not, an ordinary and mundane crime. Analysing the crime in a variety of different social contexts alongside an in-depth and critical analysis of the interconnections between the ordinary act of lethal violence, gender and notions of responsibility, this book will be of interest to students, scholars and policymakers working in criminology and socio-legal studies.
Personal Autonomy
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The concept of personal autonomy is central to discussions about democratic rights, personal freedom and individualism in the marketplace. This book, first published in 1986, discusses the concept of personal autonomy in all its facets. It charts historically the discussion of the concept by political thinkers and relates the concept of the autonomy of the individual to the related discussion in political thought about the autonomy of states. It argues that defining personal autonomy as freedom to act without external constraints is too narrow and emphasises instead that personal autonomy implies individual self-determination in accordance with a chosen plan of life. It discusses the nature of personal autonomy and explores the circumstances in which it ought to be restricted. In particular, it argues the need to restrict the economic autonomy of the individual in order to promote the value of community.
Shades of Deviance
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Written in a unique format, Shades of Deviance is a turbo-driven guide to crime and deviance, offering 56 politically engaged, thought-provoking and accessibly written accounts of a wide range of socially and legally prohibited acts. This book will be essential reading for undergraduate students in the fields of criminology and sociology and those preparing to embark on degree courses in these fields, as well as general readers. Written by field-leading experts from across the globe and designed for those who want a clear and exciting introduction to the complex areas of crime and deviance, this book provides a large number of short overviews of a wide range of social problems, harms and criminal acts. Offering a series of cutting-edge and critical treatments of issues such as war and murder, paedophilia, ecocide, human experimentation, stalking and sexting, this book also gives a guide to further readings and suggestions for other media to develop the reader's understanding of these issues.　 Shades of Deviance requires readers to critically reconsider their ideas about what is right and wrong, about what is socially harmful and which problems we should focus our attention on. It also provides careful analysis and reasoned explanation of complex issues in a world in which sensationalist headlines, anxiety and fear about crime permeate our lives - read it to be prepared!
The Logic of Consent
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The Logic of Consent analyzes the varied nature of consent arguments in criminal law and examines the confusions that commonly arise from the failure of legislatures, courts and commentators to understand them. Peter Westen skillfully argues that the conceptual aspect accounts for a significant number of the difficulties that legislatures, courts and scholars have with consent in criminal cases; he observes that consent masquerades as a single kind of event when, in reality, it refers to diverse and sometimes mutually exclusive kinds of events. Specifically, consent is used in law to refer to three pairs of contrasting kinds of events: factual versus legal, attitudinal versus expressive, and prescriptive versus imputed. While Westen takes no position on whether the substance of existing defenses of consent in criminal law ought to be enlarged or reduced in scope, he examines each of these contrasting events and analyzes the normative confusions they produce.
The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics
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The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics offers the reader an informed view of how the brain sciences are being used to approach, understand, and reinvigorate traditional philosophical questions, as well as how those questions, with the grounding influence of neuroscience, are being revisited beyond clinical and research domains. It also examines how contemporary neuroscience research might ultimately impact our understanding of relationships, flourishing, and human nature. Written by 61 key scholars and fresh voices, the Handbook's easy-to-follow chapters appear here for the first time in print and represent the wide range of viewpoints in neuroethics. The volume spotlights new technologies and historical articulations of key problems, issues, and concepts and includes cross-referencing between chapters to highlight the complex interactions of concepts and ideas within neuroethics. These features enhance the Handbook's utility by providing readers with a contextual map for different approaches to issues and a guide to further avenues of interest. Chapter 11 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315708652.ch11
Rechtsdiskurs, Rechtsprinzipien, Rechtsbegriff
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Robert Alexys Theorie der Grundrechte ist anhand der Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes entwickelt worden, aber nie darauf beschrankt geblieben. Sie ist vielmehr als allgemeine Theorie fundamentaler Rechte angelegt, die sich insbesondere auf die strukturellen Eigenheiten fundamentaler Rechte als Rechtsprinzipien konzentriert. Seine diskurstheoretisch gepragte Theorie der juristischen Argumentation bildet die Grundlage einer materiellen Begrundung fundamentaler Rechte, insb. der wichtigsten Menschenrechte. Auf dieser Basis einer diskurstheoretischen Begrundbarkeit von Menschenrechten ruht sein Verstandnis von Begriff und Geltung des Rechts, welches in einem (gemassigten) Rechtsnichtpositivismus in den Bahnen der Radbruchschen Formel verlauft. Die im vorliegenden Band versammelten Beitrage nahern sich diesen drei elementaren Bausteinen der Alexyschen Theorie fundamentaler Rechte kritisch an, hinterfragen Kernthesen, erweitern Zusammenhange und eroffnen so alternative Zugange zu Grund- und Menschenrechten.
